"Othello" written by William Shakespeare play explores themes of jealousy, manipulation, betrayal

The Secret of the Machines (Poem by Rudyard Kipling)

About the poem

A.  Read to understand

Answer the following questions.

     1.   Rewrite this paragraph to show the correct process of the formation of machines.

Metals are extracted from their ores through heating. The shaped metals are used to make tools and machines. The extracted metals are purified. The ores are extracted through mining. The purified metals are shaped through moulding and hammering. The extracted ores are purified.

Ans. The ores are extracted through mining. The extracted ores are purified. Metals are extracted from their ores through heating. The extracted metals are purified. The purified metals are shaped through moulding and hammering. The shaped metals are used to make tools and machines.

     2.   What is the ‘nine-decked city’? Why is it described as ‘monstrous’?

      Ans. The ‘nine-decked city’ is referred to Mauretania, a high-speed luxury passenger ship, launched in 1906. It is described as ‘monstrous’ because it was the world’s biggest passenger ship at that time.

     3.   What do you understand by the line ‘shall we pipe aloft and bring you water down’?

      Ans. The line means that the machines can go up to a great height and bring water down where human beings live.

     4.   Which stanza shows us that the machines have mastered almost all the common human activities?

      Ans. We can pull and haul and push and lift and drive,

   We can print and plough and weave and heat and light,

   We can run and race and swim and fly and dive,

   We can see and hear and count and read and write!

     5.   What actions are the machines incapable of doing?

      Ans. Machine cannot detect lie. Besides, machines are not built to love or hate its owner or anyone. Thus, machines are emotionless and have no feelings and can be dangerous if not handled properly.

     6.   What is the warning issued by the machines?

      Ans. We must accept the fact that our dependency on machines are increasing day by day. A time is about to come when people will depend on a machine to wake them from sleep and then to put them back to sleep, walk and eat. If this really happens, life will be different – without feelings, sympathy, pity, forgiveness and love.

     7.   Which lines tell us that for every little input, the machines are able to provide constant, daily service to humans?

      Ans. Some water, coal, and oil is all we ask,

             And a thousandth of an inch to give us play:

             And now, if you will set us to our task,

             We will serve you four and twenty hours a day!.

     8.   Which two opposing claims do the machines make in the poem?

      Ans. We are everything on earth—except The Gods!

               We are nothing more than children of your brain!

     9.   Which lines tell us that the all-powerful nature of the machines is only an illusion?

      Ans. We are greater than the Peoples or the Kings—

               Be humble, as you crawl beneath our rods!-

              Our touch can alter all created things,

              We are everything on earth—except The Gods!

B.  Discuss

            

1. Write about any two inventions made during this period and their impact on the lives of the people at the time.

Ans. Telephone - The telephone has had a big impact on the world. When the telephone was first introduced it could only be afforded by the rich as the materials needed for connection were very expensive (Pool, 1977). The telephone was promoted on the grounds that it would increase wealth, employment and improved means of communication.  The invention of the telephone lead to development of city centers, office buildings and the concept of an urban worker society.  It has led to the creation and destruction of jobs. The need for positions such as messenger boys, telegraphers and, ironically, operators, became virtually unnecessary (Bauer, 1995).  It has changed the pace of business and made the world smaller and more accessible to all.  The telephone has provided security and helped in emergency situations.

Bicycles - Bicycles were introduced in the late 19th century in Europe. The bicycle's invention has had an enormous effect on society, both in terms of culture and of advancing modern industrial methods. Several components that eventually played a key role in the development of the automobile were initially invented for use in the bicycle, including ball bearings, pneumatic tires, chain-driven sprockets and tension-spoked wheels. From the beginning and still today, bicycles have been and are employed for many uses. In a utilitarian way, bicycles are used for transportation, bicycle commuting, and utility cycling. It can be used as a 'work horse', used by mail carriers, paramedics, police, messengers, and general delivery services. The bicycle is also used for recreational purposes, such as bicycle touring, mountain biking, physical fitness, and play.

C.  Read to appreciate

Stanza forms

A stanza, as you would know, is a division of a poem consisting of two or more lines arranged together as a unit. You can compare it to a paragraph in a piece of prose writing.

Some of the most common stanza forms are named according to the number of lines in them.

Here are the names of some common stanza forms.

Stanza form	Number of lines
couplet	two
tercet	three
quatrain	four
quintain	five
sestet	six
septet	seven
octave	eight

What is the stanzaic pattern of the poem you just read?

The poem is divided into eight stanzas, of which four consist of eight lines (Octave) and the other four have four lines (quatrain) each.

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