Noun:
Common Noun: The dog barks loudly.
Proper Noun: Max is a friendly dog.
Verb:
Action Verb: She likes to run in the park.
Linking Verb: The flowers are beautiful.
Adjective:
Descriptive Adjective: The red car is fast.
Limiting Adjective: I'll take this book.
Adverb:
Adverb of Manner: She completed the task quickly.
Adverb of Frequency: He goes to the gym always.
Pronoun:
Personal Pronoun: He is coming to the party.
Relative Pronoun: The person who called is waiting.
Preposition:
Simple Preposition: The cat is under the table.
Compound Preposition: They walked according to the plan.
Conjunction:
Coordinating Conjunction: I like both tea and coffee.
Subordinating Conjunction: She passed the test because she studied.
Interjection:
Strong Interjection: Wow! That's amazing!
Mild Interjection: Well, I suppose you could try.
Sentence Structure:
1. Subject-Verb-Object (SVO):
The dog (subject) barks (verb) loudly (object).
2. Subject-Verb (SV):
She (subject) likes to run (verb) in the park.
3. Compound Sentence:
I like tea (independent clause), but (coordinating conjunction) my friend prefers coffee (independent clause).
4. Complex Sentence:
Although (subordinating conjunction) it was raining (dependent clause), we decided to go for a walk (independent clause).
Tenses:
1. Present Tense:
She runs (present tense) in the morning.
2. Past Tense:
He visited (past tense) the museum yesterday.
3. Future Tense:
We will travel (future tense) to Paris next month.
Punctuation:
Sentence punctuation includes the use of the period (.), comma (,), colon (:), semicolon (;), apostrophe ('), quotation marks ("), question mark (?), and exclamation mark (!).
Modifiers:
Adjectives and adverbs should be appropriately placed to avoid confusion. For example, "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."
Articles:
Use "a" before words that begin with a consonant sound and "an" before words that begin with a vowel sound.
For instance, "I saw a movie yesterday" and "She bought an apple."
Conjunctions:
Coordinating conjunctions like "and" and subordinating conjunctions like "because" help connect ideas and clauses.
Subject-Verb Agreement:
The subject and verb in a sentence must agree in number. For example, "She plays the guitar."
Tenses:
1. Present Tense:
Describes actions happening now or general truths.
Example: She runs in the morning.
2. Past Tense:
Describes completed actions in the past.
Example: He visited the museum yesterday.
3. Future Tense:
Describes actions that will happen in the future.
Example: We will travel to Paris next month.
4. Present Continuous (or Progressive) Tense:
Describes ongoing actions in the present.
Example: They are studying for the exam.
5. Past Continuous (or Progressive) Tense:
Describes ongoing actions in the past.
Example: She was reading a book when the phone rang.
6. Future Continuous (or Progressive) Tense:
Describes ongoing actions that will happen in the future.
Example: At 9 PM, we will be watching a movie.
7. Present Perfect Tense:
Describes actions that were completed at some indefinite point in the past.
Example: I have seen that movie before.
8. Past Perfect Tense:
Describes actions completed before another action in the past.
Example: Before the party started, she had already eaten.
9. Future Perfect Tense:
Describes actions that will be completed before another action in the future.
Example: By the time you arrive, I will have finished my work.
Punctuation:
1. Period (Full Stop):
Used to end a sentence.
Example: This is a complete sentence.
2. Comma:
Used to separate items in a list, join independent clauses, and more.
Example: She likes apples, oranges, and bananas.
3. Colon:
Introduces a list, explanation, or quotation.
Example: Please bring the following items:: a pen, paper, and a notebook.
4. Semicolon:
Connects two closely related independent clauses.
Example: She studied hard for the exam; she wanted to succeed.
5. Apostrophe:
Indicates possession or omission of letters.
Example: John's book is on the shelf.
I can't (cannot) believe it.
6. Quotation Marks:
Indicate direct speech or a quote.
Example: He said, "Hello," and then left.
7. Question Mark:
Ends a direct question.
Example: Are you coming to the party?
8. Exclamation Mark:
Expresses strong emotion or emphasis.
Example: What a beautiful view!
Subject-Verb Agreement:
The subject and verb in a sentence must agree in number (singular or plural).
1. Singular Subjects with Singular Verbs:
Example: The cat sits on the windowsill.
2. Plural Subjects with Plural Verbs:
Example: The dogs bark loudly.
3. Singular Indefinite Pronouns with Singular Verbs:
Example: Each has his own opinion.
4. Plural Indefinite Pronouns with Plural Verbs:
Example: Both of them are correct.
5. Singular Compound Subjects with Singular Verbs:
Example: The cat and the dog shares a cozy bed.
6. Plural Compound Subjects with Plural Verbs:
Example: The cat and the dogs share a cozy bed.
7. Collective Nouns with Singular or Plural Verbs:
Example: The team is practicing for the match.
Example: The team are wearing their jerseys.
Modifiers:
Modifiers are words or phrases that provide additional information about other elements in a sentence.
1. Adjectives:
Adjectives modify or describe nouns.
Example: The red car is fast.
2. Adverbs:
Adverbs modify or describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
Example: She completed the task quickly.
3. Adjective Phrases:
Groups of words functioning as adjectives.
Example: The cake covered in chocolate is delicious.
4. Adverb Phrases:
Groups of words functioning as adverbs.
Example: He answered the question with confidence.
5. Prepositional Phrases:
Groups of words beginning with a preposition and ending with a noun or pronoun.
Example: The book is on the shelf.
6. Participial Phrases:
Phrases formed from participles and their modifiers.
Example: Running through the park, she enjoyed nature.
7. Gerunds:
Verbs ending in "-ing" that function as nouns.
Example: Swimming is her favorite activity.
Articles:
Articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific. There are two types: definite (the) and indefinite (a, an).
1. Definite Article (the):
Used to refer to a specific noun that is already known or can be identified.
Example: The cat is sleeping on the windowsill.
2. Indefinite Article (a, an):
Used to refer to a non-specific item or thing.
Example: She has a cat, and it's an adorable kitten.
3. "A" before Consonant Sounds:
Use "a" before words that begin with a consonant sound.
Example: She wants a book.
4. "An" before Vowel Sounds:
Use "an" before words that begin with a vowel sound.
Example: She is an honest person.
5. Omission of Articles:
Articles are often omitted in general statements or with non-countable nouns.
Example: Love is beautiful.
Conjunctions:
Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence.
1. Coordinating Conjunctions:
Connect words, phrases, or independent clauses of equal importance.
Examples: She likes tea and coffee. I want to go but I have work.
2. Subordinating Conjunctions:
Introduce dependent clauses and indicate the relationship between the dependent and independent clauses.
Examples: I will go to the store after I finish my homework. She passed the exam because she studied hard.
3. Correlative Conjunctions:
Used in pairs to connect elements and emphasize the relationship between them.
Examples: Either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also.
4. Conjunctive Adverbs:
Adverbs that function as conjunctions to connect independent clauses.
Examples: She finished the race; however, she was exhausted. I want to go; therefore, I will make a plan.